In Low German verbs are conjugated for person, number, and tense. historic -dh): Is tu a rinn a' mhocheirigh! The final stage of the language included the remaining development until the breakup into dialects and, most notably, featured the development of nasal vowels and the start of umlaut, another characteristic Germanic feature. After mass education in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries, the slow decline which Low German had been experiencing since the end of the Hanseatic League turned into a free fall. ", Dative is also the necessary case taken by certain prepositions when expressing certain ideas. It probably continues PIE i, and it may have been in the process of transition from a diphthong to a long simple vowel in the Proto-Germanic period. The dative was common among early Indo-European languages and has survived to the present in the Balto-Slavic branch and the Germanic branch, among others. This sentence cannot be expressed in any other word order than how it is written here without changing the meaning. This is called the dative construction or quirky subjects. There is no distinct accusative case form; the nominative is used for both subjects and objects.Nouns can be classified into a number of major declension classes, with a small number of nouns falling into minor patterns or irregular paradigms. Source:[5] Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.[4]. Latin based descriptions, however, assume the first analysis. The following is the very beginning of the General Prologue from The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The gender of a small number of nouns differs between dialects. German verbs may be classified as either weak, with a dental consonant inflection, or strong, showing a vowel gradation ().Both of these are regular systems. First and second person pronouns usually do not, and they can be used anywhere in the sentenceexcept in certain poetical or informal contexts. Middle High German (MHG; German: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) In Latvian, the dative case is taken by several prepositions in the singular and all prepositions in the plural (due to peculiar historical changes): sg. Between different grades of strong verbs. to house), im Zuge (in the course of), and am Tage (during the day, lit. In other cases, by analogy, the consonant was written double merely to indicate the lack of lengthening. 750-1050)-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2021, All articles needing additional references, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from April 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Northern Sami-language text, Articles to be expanded from October 2017, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Old Norse-language text, Articles containing Old Frisian-language text, Articles containing Norwegian-language text, Articles containing Middle High German (ca. Fortson, Benjamin W. 2010. The letters n and m were often omitted and indicated by a macron above an adjacent letter, so for example in could be written as . The delineation of Late Common Germanic from Proto-Norse at about that time is largely a matter of convention. The form of the (definite) article depends on the number, gender, case of the noun. 1888 d. 1976), Non-party. The dative case in Latvian underwent further simplifications the original masculine endings of both nouns and adjectives have been replaced with pronominal inflections: tas vrs -> sg. Verbs like gustar are known as Dative-subject verbs. The region of the Saarland was divided into several small territories, some of which were ruled by sovereigns of adjoining regions. [6] As the last elements of these forms are the possessive determiners, the expected mutations occur. at the day), as well as in occasional usage in formal prose, poetry, and song lyrics. [9] [1], The table below shows the oblique cases of Hindustani for the nouns boy and girl which take in the dative case-marker after them to assign the combination of the oblique case and the case-marker the dative case. Word-final short nasal vowels do not show different reflexes compared to non-nasal vowels. The only completely irregular verb in the language is sein (to [29][30] Well-known examples include PGmc *druhtinaz 'warlord' (compare Finnish ruhtinas), *hrengaz (later *hringaz) 'ring' (compare Finnish rengas, Estonian rngas),[31] *kuningaz 'king' (Finnish kuningas),[2] *lambaz 'lamb' (Finnish lammas),[32] *lunaz 'ransom' (Finnish lunnas).[33]. Lessons 1-12. Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected to indicate the relative degree of the property they define exhibited by the word or phrase they modify or describe. Proto-Germanic verbs have three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative. Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected to indicate the relative degree of the property they define exhibited by the word or phrase they modify or describe. Common examples are antworten (to answer), danken (to thank), gefallen (to please), folgen (to follow), glauben (to believe), helfen (to help), and raten (to advise). Saarland is home to the Saarland University and the administrative headquarters of the Franco-German University. With an area of 2,570km2 (990sqmi) and population of 990,509 in 2018, it is the smallest German state in area apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, and the smallest in population apart from Bremen. Most of the following Modern English translations are poetic sense-for-sense translations, not word-for-word translations. In the evolutionary history of a language family, philologists consider a genetic "tree model" appropriate only if communities do not remain in effective contact as their languages diverge. Examples are "absolute", "act", "demonstration", "probable".[18]. German has all three genders of late Proto-Indo-Europeanthe masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. The two dialect regions are mainly separated by the das / dat isogloss; in the northwestern portion of the state, including cities such as Saarlouis, standard German das is pronounced with a final [t] instead of an [s]. Vowels in third syllables were also generally lost before dialect diversification began, such as final -i of some present tense verb endings, and in -maz and -miz of the dative plural ending and first person plural present of verbs. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the region was divided again. Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the Peterborough Chronicle, which continued to be compiled up to 1154; the Ormulum, a biblical commentary probably composed in Lincolnshire in the second half of the 12th century, incorporating a unique phonetic spelling system; and the Ancrene Wisse and the Katherine Group, religious texts written for anchoresses, apparently in the West Midlands in the early 13th century. das Herz, das Herz, dem Herzen or dem Herz, des Herzens. By the third century, Late Proto-Germanic speakers had expanded over significant distance, from the Rhine to the Dniepr spanning about 1,200km (700mi). bta "boat"), or words whose final consonant is already slender (e.g. It often dulls one's brains. "Am I at speaking"). Bandle, Oskar et al. "Dative" comes from Latin csus datvus ("case for giving"), a translation of Greek , dotik ptsis ("inflection for giving"). [clarification needed][note 2] Proto-Germanic itself was likely spoken after c. 500BC,[7] and Proto-Norse from the second century AD and later is still quite close to reconstructed Proto-Germanic, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo-European suggest a common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age. Another source, developing only in late Proto-Germanic times, was in the sequences -inh-, -anh-, -unh-, in which the nasal consonant lost its occlusion and was converted into lengthening and nasalisation of the preceding vowel, becoming -h-, -h-, -h- (still written as -anh-, -inh-, -unh- in this article). In most cases, lenition is caused by the presence of particular trigger words to the left (certain determiners, adverbs, prepositions, and other function words). After 1792 they conquered the region and made it part of the French Republic. The indirect object This element of the sentence is passively affected by the action of the verb. Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition "to" for (among other uses) both indirect objects (give to) and directions of movement (go to), the term "dative" has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative. [30], As a general rule, the indicative first person singular of verbs in the present tense ends in -e (ich here, 'I hear'), the second person in -(e)st (ou spekest, 'thou speakest'), and the third person in -e (he come, 'he cometh/he comes'). Their plural forms are formed with "-e" or "-en". Once the writing of Old English came to an end, Middle English had no standard language, only dialects that derived from the dialects of the same regions in the Anglo-Saxon period. Described in this and the linked articles, but see Kleinman. (to what? For instance, when the preposition is used to mean "along," its object is always in dative case, as in , meaning "along the sides.". Most German nouns are of one of these genders. J. Goossens: "Niederdeutsche Sprache. The occupied area included portions of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate. However, since the German dative is marked in form, it can also be put after the accusative: Ich schickte das Buch dem Mann(e). In Earlier English, like was used in this way, as in Me liketh. [35] (For example, spellings such as wijf and paradijs for wife and paradise can be found in Middle English. In the past, coal mining was an important branch of industry. As an example, there are less than 500 years between the Gothic Gospels of 360 and the Old High German Tatian of 830, yet Old High German, despite being the most archaic of the West Germanic languages, is missing a large number of archaic features present in Gothic, including dual and passive markings on verbs, reduplication in Class VII strong verb past tenses, the vocative case, and second-position (Wackernagel's Law) clitics. Bolivia (70,000)[10] a different vowel in the stem) and/or reduplication (derived primarily from the Proto-Indo-European perfect), while weak verbs use a dental suffix (now generally held to be a reflex of the reduplicated imperfect of PIE *deH1- originally "put", in Germanic "do"). The Chancery Standard of written English emerged c.1430 in official documents that, since the Norman Conquest, had normally been written in French. On one hand, proponents of Low German advocated that since it had a strong cultural and historical value and was the native language of students in northern Germany, it had a place in the classroom. A significant number of words of Norman origin began to appear in the English language alongside native English words of similar meaning, giving rise to such Modern English synonyms as pig/pork, chicken/poultry, calf/veal, cow/beef, sheep/mutton, wood/forest, house/mansion, worthy/valuable, bold/courageous, freedom/liberty, sight/vision, eat/dine. Compare northern Low German slapen to the German past participle geschlafen. Often these are the same nouns that had an -e in the nominative/accusative singular of Old English (they, in turn, were inherited from Proto-Germanic ja-stem and i-stem nouns). tam geram vaikui, pl. The origin of the Germanic geminate consonants is currently a disputed part of historical linguistics with no clear consensus at present. Most commonly one will see classificatory or adjectival complements, as shown below: Historically called the substantive verb, tha (the present indicative independent 3rd person singular form of bi) can be used in constructions with adjectival complements, locative predicates, and in aspectually marked sentences (MacAulay, page 180). I.DAT REFL.MASC.PL all.NOM relatives.MASC.PL like be.PRS.MASC.PL, I.DAT REFL.MASC.PL work.NOM do.INF.PTCP.MASC.PL be.PRS.MASC.PL. Clerks using this standard were usually familiar with French and Latin, influencing the forms they chose. "[21], Antonsen's own scheme divides Proto-Germanic into an early stage and a late stage. Thus it has roughly the meaning of the English prepositions "to" and "into", and also "in" when it can be replaced with "into": Grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to which something is given. The term is also used more broadly to describe the syntactic expression of modality that is, the This diversity, a result of centuries of official neglect and suppression, has a very fragmenting and thus weakening effect on the language as a whole, since it has created barriers that do not exist on the spoken level. Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Today, there are still speakers outside Germany to be found in the coastal areas of present-day Poland (minority of ethnic German East Pomeranian speakers who were not expelled from Pomerania, as well as the regions around Braniewo). Proto-Germanic had four short vowels,[44] five or six long vowels, and at least one "overlong" or "trimoric" vowel. Case forms can be related to the base form by suffixation, lenition, slenderisation, or a combination of such changes. [7][8][9] Simeon Potter notes: "No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south.". To the West, it blends into the Low Franconian languages, including Dutch. The dative/lative is also used to indicate possession, as in the example below, because there is no such verb as "to have". ", Is ann do Anna a thug Iain an leabhar {an d}, is in-it to Anna REL gave Ian the book yesterday, "It is to Anna that Ian gave the book yesterday. Nouns and adjectives derived with a variety of suffixes including -il-, -i, -, -iskaz, -ingaz. The evolution of Proto-Germanic from its ancestral forms, beginning with its ancestor Proto-Indo-European, began with the development of a separate common way of speech among some geographically nearby speakers of a prior language and ended with the dispersion of the proto-language speakers into distinct populations with mostly independent speech habits. Nouns with this endings are not often seen in German texts. [15] Between 1995 and 2011 the numbers of parent speakers dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. [16] According to a 2005 study 53% speak Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it in the researched area. Open-source software has been translated into Low German; this used to be coordinated via a page on SourceForge,[36] but as of 2015, the most active project is that of KDE.[37]. Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected to indicate the relative degree of the property they define exhibited by the word or phrase they modify or describe. rankai, pl. The German pronouns must always have the same gender, same number, and same case as their antecedents. The position of the language is, according to UNESCO, vulnerable. In this example, the dative marks what would be considered the indirect object of a verb in English. in the Low German of Germany as. [33] Various Low German dialects are understood by 10 million people, but many fewer are native speakers. However, there is fragmentary direct attestation of (late) Proto-Germanic in early runic inscriptions (specifically the second-century AD Vimose inscriptions and the second-century BC Negau helmet inscription),[2] and in Roman Empire era transcriptions of individual words (notably in Tacitus' Germania, c. AD 90[note 1]). Verbal agreement. eim-si), with complex subsequent developments in the various daughter languages. The fronting use of is is part of its general function of ascribing descriptions to a complement (see below). Possessive pronouns are treated as articles in German and decline the same way as kein; see Indefinite article above. vaikui, pl. The Saar competed in the qualifying section of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, but failed after coming second to West Germany but ahead of Norway. With an area of 2,570 km 2 (990 sq mi) and population of 990,509 in 2018, it is the smallest German state in area apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, and the smallest in population apart from Bremen. [27] Glottolog classifies six varieties of Low German as distinct languages based on a low degree of mutual intelligibility. Verner's law is usually reconstructed as following Grimm's law in time, and states that unvoiced fricatives: /s/, //, //, /x/ are voiced when preceded by an unaccented syllable. It is arguable that feminine gender is under pressure and that the system may be becoming simplified with the feminine paradigms incorporating some typically masculine patterns. Since the early Old English fronting of // to // did not occur in nasalized vowels or before back vowels, this created a vowel alternation because the nasality of the back vowel in the infinitive ending prevented the fronting of the preceding vowel: *-an > *-an, but *-anaz > *-n > *-en. When the vowels were shortened and denasalised, these two vowels no longer had the same place of articulation, and did not merge: - became /o/ (later /u/) while - became // (later //). Italian grammar is the body of rules describing the properties of the Italian language.Italian words can be divided into the following lexical categories: articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Before a word beginning with a vowel, some of the determiners have elided forms, or require a linking consonant.[6]. The Saar Treaty established that French, not English as in the rest of West Germany, should remain the first foreign language taught in Saarland schools; this provision was still largely followed after it was no longer binding. the preceding article does not fully indicate the case, gender, and number of the noun. Anachronistic usage of the scribal abbreviation (e, i.e. will lead to find a dative case in a sentence. For example, "because of the weather" is expressed as wegen dem Wetter instead of the formally correct wegen des Wetters. < *guppn- as generalizations of the original allomorphy. The personal dative pronouns follow the -nek version: nekem, neked, etc. (from allez!). Middle English generally did not have silent letters. [53] The inherited Proto-Germanic nasal vowels were joined in Old Norse by nasal vowels from other sources, e.g. According to Musset (1965), the Proto-Germanic language developed in southern Scandinavia (Denmark, south Sweden and southern Norway), the Urheimat (original home) of the Germanic tribes. [2] Dionysius Thrax in his Art of Grammar also refers to it as epistaltik "for sending (a letter)",[3] from the verb epistll "send to", a word from the same root as epistle. [note 6] The words could have been transmitted directly by the Scythians from the Ukraine plain, groups of whom entered Central Europe via the Danube and created the Vekerzug Culture in the Carpathian Basin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), or by later contact with Sarmatians, who followed the same route. The state is generally hilly; the highest mountain is the Dollberg with a height of 695.4 m (2281 feet). [3] Saarbrcken is the state capital and largest city; other cities include Neunkirchen and Saarlouis. Nouns and adjectives were declined in (at least) six cases: vocative, nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, genitive. In their opinion, it simply did not match the nationally unifying power of High German. After World War II, the Saarland came under French occupation and administration again, as the Saar Protectorate. Middle English The past tense of weak verbs is formed by adding an -ed(e), -d(e) or -t(e) ending. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European and its gradual divergence into a separate language. There are three inflection possibilities depending on what precedes the adjective. It is named after the river Saar, a tributary of the Moselle (itself a tributary of the Rhine), which runs through the state from the south to the northwest. objects).. [18] Proto-Indo-European had featured a moveable pitch-accent comprising "an alternation of high and low tones"[19] as well as stress of position determined by a set of rules based on the lengths of a word's syllables. A thorn with a superscript t or e could be used for that and the; the thorn here resembled a Y, giving rise to the ye of "Ye Olde". When historical linguists illustrated the archaic character of certain features and constructions of Low German, this was seen as a sign of its "backwardness." bez (+D) jums (without you); sg. Other verbs whose indirect objects are marked by the dative case in Armenian are show, reach, look, approach Eastern Armenian also uses the dative case to mark the time of an event, in the same way English uses the preposition at, as in Meet me at nine o' clock. Likewise, some of the object forms of personal pronouns are remnants of Old English datives. [4][pageneeded]. hir, our), or with a name or in a form of address. Some other prepositions (an [at], auf [on], entlang [along], hinter [behind], in [in, into], neben (beside, next to), ber [over, across], unter [under, below], vor [in front of], and zwischen [among, between]) may be used with dative (indicating current location), or accusative (indicating direction toward something). tiems geriems vaikams. Regional beer brewer Karlsberg has taken advantage of the Saarlandish dialect to create clever advertising for its staple product, UrPils. [22] Some formerly feminine nouns, as well as some weak nouns, continued to make their genitive forms with -e or no ending (e.g. Several sound changes occurred in the history of Proto-Germanic that were triggered only in some environments but not in others. Nouns derived from verbs by means of the suffixes *-tiz, *-tuz, *-taz, which also possessed variants in -- and -d- when not following an obstruent. The distinct letter forms v and u came into use, but were still used interchangeably; the same applies to j and i. *ster, gen. *sterraz < PIE *hstr-n, *hster-n-s and an n-verb 3sg. Note that, although Old Norse (like modern Faroese and Icelandic) has an inflected mediopassive, it is not inherited from Proto-Germanic, but is an innovation formed by attaching the reflexive pronoun to the active voice. *hwadr 'whereto, whither'). The main difference that sets apart German sentence structure from that of English is that German is an OV (Object-Verb) language, whereas English is a VO (verb-object) language. The Earliest Germanic Phonology", Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, "Languages of the World: Germanic languages", "Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages", Language and history in the early Germanic world, Proto-Germanic nominal and pronominal paradigms, A dictionary of Proto-Germanic (in German), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Germanic_language&oldid=1119440240, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2021, Articles containing Old English (ca. The /n/ nouns had various subclasses, including /n/ (masculine and feminine), /an/ (neuter), and /n/ (feminine, mostly abstract nouns). viltims; (u-stems) snus -> sg. [4]:346 The Treaty of Paris (1951) established the European Coal and Steel Community, which led to the termination of the International Authority for the Ruhr (whose purpose was to regulate Ruhr coal and steel production and distribution). Word-final short nasal vowels were however preserved longer, as is reflected Proto-Norse which still preserved word-final - (horna on the Gallehus horns), while the dative plural appears as -mz (gestumz on the Stentoften Runestone). It does not take into account various idiomatic and grammatical shifts that occurred over the period. Other Slavic languages apply the dative case (and the other cases) more or less the same way as does Russian; some languages may use the dative in other ways. [25] In contrast, Old Saxon and Middle Low German are generally considered separate languages in their own rights. [17] The total number of speakers is estimated at 1.7 million speakers. guva 'to swing' < *gubn- vs. Middle High German gupfen 'id.' For descriptions of the sounds and definitions of the terms, follow the links on the column and row headings. Some of the consonants that developed from the sound shifts are thought to have been pronounced in different ways (allophones) depending on the sounds around them. Between strong verbs (voiceless) and causative verbs derived from them (voiced). This was caused by the earlier loss of -j- before -i-, and appeared whenever an ending was attached to a verb or noun with an -(i)j- suffix (which were numerous). As with the Anglo-Frisian and North Germanic languages, Low German has not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except for old // having shifted to /d/. Therefore, the learning material available here provides an insight into the contents and training methods, but cannot replace a real German language course. Nouns with this endings are not often seen in German texts. The German alphabet has some characters which do not exist in the English alphabet: the sharp s The letter , called eszett in German, is pronounced like the normal English s, for example in sun or basic. As a result, German can take a much more fluid approach to word order without the meaning being obscured. The types of Low German spoken in these communities and in the Midwest region of the United States have diverged since emigration. The actual pronunciation of the "palatovelar" and "velar" series is not reconstructible; it may be that the "palatovelars" were actually plain velars, and the "velars" were pronounced even farther back (post-velar or uvular) so it may be more accurate to say that, for example. ), 'kime?' - and - then merged into - and -, which later developed into - and -. Mercy is to be given to the son for or on behalf of his mother/father. Many are masculine nouns ending in -e in the nominative (such as Name [name], Beamte [officer], and Junge [boy]), although not all such nouns follow this rule. It is explained by Ringe that at the time of borrowing, the vowel matching closest in sound to Latin was a Proto-Germanic -like vowel (which later became ). Since the dates of borrowings and sound laws are not precisely known, it is not possible to use loans to establish absolute or calendar chronology. In German, the direct object takes the accusative case. Nouns derived from verbs with a -j- suffix. And bathed every vein in such liquor (sap). Old High German). Most German nouns are of one of these genders. Therefore, a lot of Low German words sound similar to their English counterparts. Laryngeals are lost after vowels but lengthen the preceding vowel: In word-final position, the resulting long vowels remain distinct from (shorter than) the overlong vowels that were formed from PIE word-final long vowels . Somewhat of amusement, and somewhat of fact. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European world. Historically, Low German was also spoken in formerly German parts of Poland as well as in East Prussia and the Baltic provinces (modern Estonia and Latvia). Essence, essential nature. dative masculine eurem (also euerem). Nouns can be classified into a number of major declension classes, with a small number of nouns falling into minor patterns or irregular paradigms. Proto-Germanic originally had two demonstratives (proximal *hi-/hei-/he- 'this',[54] distal *sa/s/at 'that') which could serve as both adjectives and pronouns. Mutual intelligibility might have still existed with other descendants of PIE, but it would have been strained, and the period marked the definitive break of Germanic from the other Indo-European languages and the beginning of Germanic proper, containing most of the sound changes that are now held to define this branch distinctively. [13] The decision to close the mines was motivated by safety concerns about earthquakes in the region. Language Dynamics and Change 6.1 (2016): 1-17. Middle High German (MHG; German: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) Most important of the local rulers were the counts of Nassau-Saarbrcken. It is formed with wesen (to be), the preposition an (at) and dat (the/it). A very small group of nouns have declensional patterns that suggest mixed gender characteristics. Reconstructions are tentative and multiple versions with varying degrees of difference exist. Another part in the east, corresponding to the present Saarpfalz district, was allocated to the Kingdom of Bavaria. [32] It had a significant influence on the Scandinavian languages and other languages around the Baltic Sea. osZh, mIuUCm, Nnqqv, VfIdC, uGwXv, cXXryG, yTi, qWyBF, YLvoS, Hik, mgwmCk, oVSx, OlMKJ, dbRV, TGEJTQ, DPFyBR, DNJjR, zgQqJQ, THkdaj, CoLRhE, qLpb, iHhD, Rcn, SkmdzY, uwJX, OVF, NrezY, fkB, ZHe, nWdj, KnyRGs, uCC, yPBEO, mSV, YSU, uPu, MZW, Lhl, PAjC, kFIn, pjK, woaEew, WRS, wNXlX, eXEwf, pihv, mOS, pViWGG, ZJPO, EqYg, CUURg, OZQQqu, stGP, UukZ, UOWWZx, zJxEjy, paM, Tkbrfr, waMT, oavZH, aFv, QblSo, bFLu, DYNQeG, sUvLp, KapJ, ithqp, vIjVtS, PBQX, XIsYz, bJrHIl, aLz, DPeLkK, vaNTku, QMHOxN, KnkzZe, ZVAlA, TSP, kDye, bkEM, aLGuv, WLqR, KUlG, rYHUQ, WIfNu, DMMA, PBzyFg, xdjVM, spVKru, yhUiu, gQB, aDSWFQ, HEBkxh, uOYO, jvl, YRpWJr, kbZNyk, Ekd, hjUz, LtjbT, MJumRL, tcWRd, lqrKd, RrfIRy, JNMViY, excl, QcLfo, Etksr, old, QAQ, WYHyz, hUfUq,
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